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[Music]

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[Applause]

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we now know that complex organics are

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every way the solar system therefore

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misra meteors comets asteroids and also

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planetary satellites and these organics

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are not nothing to do with terrestrial

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organic matter because we have now

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almost 100 middle axis where on earth we

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only use in our twenty and there are a

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neutral nuclear bases more than the five

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that we have or on earth and the amount

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of complexity is quite quite large I

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mean almost all biological molecules are

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found in a soluble component of

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meteoroids and the in soluble component

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consists of a very large mixture of a

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romantic name prophetic compounds and we

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also know that these organics are not

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made by biological means they are not

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returned products of life but they will

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be with up form a small molecules to a

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more larger molecules now the question

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is that are these molecules are formed

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in the solar system or they could have

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extra solar system origin so today I

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want to talk about the only place that

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we know that complex organics are being

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made and that which is in the late

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stages of solution so after the nuclear

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synthesis of the element carbon you

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stretch up to the surface and on the

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understand atmosphere you form C 2 C 3 C

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n dastar's course in taluk john branch

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starts they have very strong stellar

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winds it is their winds you can see now

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over 80 different kinds of molecules and

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after that is the sage coronary nebula

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which lasts about 20,000 years so we can

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detect by both infrared and microwave

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means that the rotational vibrational

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lines of over 80 different kind of

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molecules in the stellar winds which

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consists of chains or rings and other

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kinds of organic molecules so the AGB

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stars are very prolific molecular

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factories but the most interesting

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come in the French Way nebula phase

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where this weekend the a was first

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detected in the late nineteen seventies

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of the so call and identify infrared

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emission bands at 3.30 six one to seven

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point seven eight point six zero and

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point three microns and they were

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pointed out almost immediately that the

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three points three micron feature is due

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to the stretching bow of rheumatic

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compounds

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now this uie bands are now seen in

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galaxies as far as 10 billion light

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years away so we know that complex

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organics are already present in the

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early universe

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okay now and also there are a lot of

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them because up to 20% of the total

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light output from those galaxies are

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coming in the form of this uie emissions

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now these are very interesting because

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we know that they are first seen in the

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planetary nebula but not seen in

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asymptotic giant branch star so they the

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first innocence must have occurred in

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between the and on asymptotic giant

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branch to the first formation of

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planetary nebulae which is a very short

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time so we have a for the stellar wind

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we have a dynamical age of about ten

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thousand years and the age of Franchi

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nebulae is less than is about twenty

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thousand years so we know that whatever

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sinister sucker must be in the thousand

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year lifetime that of course the most

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most interesting would be see to find a

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Discoverer objects in between these two

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stages you see we're there any sign of

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organic synthesis okay so in the air so

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Bruce if Nick and I were able to

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discover about thirty transitional

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objects and who you desire or the

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objects that exam examples of the

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appropriately nebulae that we discovered

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after the discovery the first thing you

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do to some spectroscopic follow-up we

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find that they have any fading

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transitions at a fox a mosaic stretch of

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either symmetric or anti-symmetric

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mesoamerican groups and yeah the eleven

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point three micron feature although

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usually

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due to our plane bearing motor or

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related compounds but there are other

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bands which suggest that these rings are

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very small the most interestingly they

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are broad emission features around 8 and

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12 micron and we suggested because many

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aliphatic compounds have entrained many

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mouths around 8 microns and our flame

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animals around 12 micron so these two

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facto features could be due to a

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superposition of airy-fairy compounds of

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different sizes and strengths so to

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summarize we have a phenomenon which has

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a set of strong features also which some

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of them could be due to a romantic

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compounds and there are also either

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fadec compounds but they are also plot

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features which about 2 microns wide

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which are probably due to a super

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composition of different plane and

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imprint burning books no so the key

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question is that what is the temporal

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structure of this carrier so in the last

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30 years the most popular hypothesis is

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the polycyclic hydrocarbon hypothesis

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which says that if you have a 50 carbon

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ring molecule that the it will be

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excited by UV radiation in the cascade

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down it will go through these different

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vibrations and give you this uie base

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but these hypotheses have a lot of

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problems I mean the most obvious one is

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that there is the simple molecules the

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lines are narrow and they are primary

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excited by UV there very little

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absorption in the visible but we now

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know that the uie bands are seeing

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refraction Epperly proprietary nebulae

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so they are definitely excited by lower

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energy photons and also if the UI events

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are due to create molecules they would

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have very strong electronic transitions

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but their detection limit is 3 order

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magnitude lower than what was predicted

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now the cameras that were unhappy about

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this hypothesis because pH molecules are

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very simple molecules and and their

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properties are well known

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there are a lot of literature about that

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the lines that they were detected

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astronomically I've read nothing to do

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with dye pH molecules now however to fit

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if you look in the literature as the

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Ronco literature used a beautiful feed

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to the UAE burns how did they do it

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it uses a mixture of pH molecules of

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different sizes structures shapes

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ionization states if you know in order

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to create a feat which is for example

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the astronomical spectra the Ames group

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are very kind to allow us to have access

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the database and also they're feeling

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routines so in the papers homogeneous

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vehicle journal we're able to show that

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their routine able to fit almost

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anything so it's really not very useful

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because they have so many free

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parameters in the feeling process now if

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they are not eh molecules what then what

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is now if you mix two elements hydrogen

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and carbon together they can create

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amorphous forms of a variety of of

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structures so pH molecule is just the

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line in the bottom so in one corner we

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have graphite which is pure romantic and

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then we have a purity ferric which is

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like diamond but really anything in the

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middle is possible so so into now 2011

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we proposed a model that means that you

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to mix romatic

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a definite organic nanoparticles and

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which has small rings but these rings

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are linked by the Vedic chains of

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different sizes and different

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orientations and they also have

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impurities like oxygen nitrogen sulphur

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and so on so they are not two

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dimensional but three dimensional and

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they not simple planar structures or

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fixed structures but amorphous

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okay so this is an example of a hundred

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and sixty-nine carbon molecules that you

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can see get an idea of the schematics of

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this kind of structure so yeah a

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disorganized

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okay so the last several years we

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published a number of papers on the

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properties of these small molecules and

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how they may be related to the upset you

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idea structure I won't be able to go

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into the details here but just to let

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you know that the way we do it is we

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start with simple 3 H molecules so that

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we know what we are talking about and we

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catch a defect

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change to the structure by gradually

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adding adding more complexity then we

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can hopefully understand where the

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vibrational modes are so it just shows

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some examples here that now with the

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present column chemistry techniques is

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really possible to do these kind of

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calculations because the chemists never

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did that because to the chemist as soon

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as they understand the principle of

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vibrations they are already happy but

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for us that people want to compare the

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astronomical spectrum with molecules we

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have to look at more complex structures

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and see what kind of moles are there and

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in the process we discover that for

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example there are some couple modes and

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which are or some more complex

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vibrational modes which are not been

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studied in the literature

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ok so I'm here just showing some

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examples you say that these kind of

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calculations are possible so the

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interesting thing is that if stars in

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the near the end of their lives are able

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to make very complex organics because

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they they can make it over a short

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period of time over hundreds or even

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thousands of years and we know that

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through the stellar wind they can be

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ejected or wasted a solar system Oh

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Tsutomu create galaxies across the

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industry medium so it's quite possible

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that some of those complex organic would

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be injected into our primordial

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solar system so they some evidence of it

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you seen for example in

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case of the pasola grains we now know

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that we had hold in our hands products

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of minerals which are ejected created by

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acid Ultron French stars because of the

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isotopic ratios so whether they the kind

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of organics that we see in Titan or in

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comets or which roy's have anything to

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do with Stella organics is something

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that we should explore more in the

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future so first I want to point out that

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organic compounds everywhere in the

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universe so we have a lot of organics in

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the solar system

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the in star say in the interstellar

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clouds a the diffuse industrial medium

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by looking at ISO absorption line

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studies we know that 50 percent at least

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of the carbon in the diffuse is a medium

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in the form of a defect and a detection

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of the UI EBA and Swift's galaxies at

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highest ratio of two suggesting it were

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early stage of the universe we already

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have complex organics so these organics

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of them sorry a consistent with the

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carrier being complex molecules wisdom

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of a structure with mixer America the

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phallic structure and I want to

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emphasize that the only objects that we

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can actually see these organics being

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made in the prevention ability and

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primary nebulae where they have with an

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apical age or evolutionary age or for

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thousands of years so if space a very

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strong constraint about what kind of

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chemical network that we have available

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to form these organics and these are not

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exotic objects because over 95% of all

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stars in our own galaxy goes to be a

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penny in every face so these are

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ordinary stars every star would go

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through this phase of making organics

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over a short period of time so we know

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that each VES rejecter

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I can survive the journey suit in the

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cernium all the way to the solar system

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and to the earth so is not impossible

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that some of the macro organics that we

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have now in the solar system may have

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find a heritage in in stars so I just

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want to leave to you some of the earth

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the papers I saw in the boat technical

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aspects those will be cited in some of